PDA

View Full Version : History - Blessed Old Bible Hour


rgcraig
03-16-2008, 06:52 PM
Last week while I was at my dad's house recouping. We found some old artifacts from the Bible Hour Tabernacle (my home church) and I brought them home to scan and share with you guys.

The first General Conferece (PCI) was held here in 1944.

http://i46.photobucket.com/albums/f108/rgcraig/BH1.jpg

My mom is the third lady from the left on the middle row.

My dad is the third man from the right on the last row.

rgcraig
03-16-2008, 06:53 PM
http://i46.photobucket.com/albums/f108/rgcraig/BH2.jpg

rgcraig
03-16-2008, 06:53 PM
http://i46.photobucket.com/albums/f108/rgcraig/BH3.jpg

rgcraig
03-16-2008, 06:55 PM
http://i46.photobucket.com/albums/f108/rgcraig/BH4.jpg

Jenean Downs is Talmalde French's mother-in-law.

rgcraig
03-16-2008, 07:00 PM
http://i46.photobucket.com/albums/f108/rgcraig/BH5.jpg

rgcraig
03-16-2008, 07:07 PM
http://i46.photobucket.com/albums/f108/rgcraig/BH6.jpg

Brother Price
03-16-2008, 07:12 PM
Sincere and dedicated to serving the Lord and leading souls to Christ. That is what these saints were.

ReformedDave
03-16-2008, 07:20 PM
http://i46.photobucket.com/albums/f108/rgcraig/BH6.jpg

My father introduced Hoekstra to 'little' David. Big mistake.

Sam
03-16-2008, 07:21 PM
From the looks of the ladies in the pictures, it doesn't look like they were taught that they had to wear their hair "up" on their heads. Looks like they wore it down like many women did back then.

A couple of comments:

I notice they show a picture of a PCI conference back before the time of the merger and the development of the UPC. Also that they show a Willliam Branham meeting and a Little David meeting. William Branham preached in Oneness churches for a while when he was first starting out. Little David preached in Cincinnati many years ago. He was managed by Bro. Hoeckstra who was a pastor in Indianapolis, IN. That church was later pastored by Natan Urshan until he left to become Gen. Supt. of the UPC.

Raven
03-16-2008, 08:18 PM
Great history Renda!
So glad you posted these glimpses of the past. Very interesting.
Raven

ManOfWord
03-16-2008, 08:24 PM
Those were the days, my friend..........


:D


Awesome history!!!!!


So THAT is where you got that "bad" PCI blood! :D

OneAccord
03-16-2008, 10:06 PM
Great history Renda!
So glad you posted these glimpses of the past. Very interesting.
Raven

Gotta "Second that Emotion". What a great trip into yesteryear! Thanks for sharing!

commonsense
03-16-2008, 10:14 PM
Renda,
Thank you for posting the pix; I love seeing the old photos.
I too noticed the hair styles. I know my mom's hair in the 30's and 40's photos is down, or pulled back,,,but not "up"!

I really need to learn how to post pix and old papers...........

rgcraig
03-16-2008, 11:10 PM
Great history Renda!
So glad you posted these glimpses of the past. Very interesting.
Raven

I have more and will scan and post as I can.

Right now I just can't sit too long at a time in a chair. I've enjoyed looking at the old papers though. There was a testimony written by my dad before him and my mom were even married.

Bishop1
03-17-2008, 12:43 AM
Renda

Thanks for the pix on this thread -

I mentioned Ray Hoekstra {Calvary Tab Indianapolis}

and 'Little David' in the Sunday AM service

and tonite I am looking at their photos !

Hard to believe that I preached at Jonesboro

in THAT Same Church Building

when I was 16 !

Thanks For The Memories -
:party

Bishop1

Kay B
03-17-2008, 01:52 AM
Thanks for sharing these photos Sis Renda. :)

commonsense
03-17-2008, 09:22 AM
I remember my mom & dad taking about Little David. And a young girl that preached too..I think her name was Renee.

Falla39
03-17-2008, 09:58 AM
When I was a young girl I remember our family attending a crusade in Sherman, Texas,
with Raymond Hoekstra and Little David. It seems it was in the City Auditoriuam. Little
David wore a white suit, complete with white shoes. My great aunt had the book about
him entitled, "I Spent Five Hours In Heaven". It sounded so mystical to us as youngsters.

Blessings,

Falla39

Sam
03-17-2008, 11:59 AM
... Little
David wore a white suit, complete with white shoes. My great aunt had the book about
him entitled, "I Spent Five Hours In Heaven". It sounded so mystical to us as youngsters.

Blessings,

Falla39

I remember one time at Bible School. Someone mentioned Little David or maybe Bro. Norris was just talking and mentioned his name. Anyway, in typical Bro. Norris fashion, he said, "Yeah, he's that guy who spent 5 hours in heaven or hell or some place. Well, wherever it was, he shoulda stayed there."

OneAccord
03-17-2008, 12:58 PM
In 1937, the Fletcher Pentecostal Church chose 21-year-old Raymond G. Hoekstra to pastor the church. Although young, he was bright-eyed, visionary, and an indefatigable worker. The church grew quickly under his leadership; the white frame Fletcher Pentecostal Church was razed, a cinder block church was built, and the new church building was named Calvary Tabernacle. Pastor Hoekstra, now known as "Chaplain Ray" resigned in January 1949.
-http://calvarytabindy.org/page.php?pName=history

Chaplain Ray passed away on Nov. 20, 1997. He was married to Loeola Hoekstra, which, I believe, was A.A. Allens sister.

Sam
03-18-2008, 05:38 PM
In 1937, the Fletcher Pentecostal Church chose 21-year-old Raymond G. Hoekstra to pastor the church. Although young, he was bright-eyed, visionary, and an indefatigable worker. The church grew quickly under his leadership; the white frame Fletcher Pentecostal Church was razed, a cinder block church was built, and the new church building was named Calvary Tabernacle. Pastor Hoekstra, now known as "Chaplain Ray" resigned in January 1949.
-http://calvarytabindy.org/page.php?pName=history

Chaplain Ray passed away on Nov. 20, 1997. He was married to Loeola Hoekstra, which, I believe, was A.A. Allens sister.

from the September 1950 edition of the Pentecostal Herald, page 11
NOTICE TO MINISTERS OF THE
UNITED PENTECOSTAL CHURCH
This is to advise all concerned that
Raymond G. Hoekstra is not in fellowship
with the United Pentecostal Church

Bishop1
03-18-2008, 06:18 PM
Elder Walton Combs was in classes with Little David -
{He pastors in Arizona}
I Believe Elder Combs' Dad Was The Indy School Principal at the time -

He can relate stories about Lil David and his 5 hours in Heaven -

Scott Hutchinson
03-18-2008, 07:49 PM
Someone rang for me? All you had to do is ask.
http://bible-missions.org
Do you need any more info on anyone ?

Scott Hutchinson
03-18-2008, 07:55 PM
Just for Bishop1.
http://chaplainray.com

rgcraig
03-18-2008, 08:37 PM
Seems very young preachers were the thing back in the day.

Nov. 1949

http://i46.photobucket.com/albums/f108/rgcraig/bh7.jpg

rgcraig
03-18-2008, 08:38 PM
Oct. 1948

http://i46.photobucket.com/albums/f108/rgcraig/bh8.jpg

Scott Hutchinson
03-18-2008, 08:47 PM
It seems to that this group of believers certainly had a love one for another.

Elizabeth
03-18-2008, 08:54 PM
Wow what an interesting thread, I love these old pictures with articles-it was so different back then. Everyone looks so pure and innocent.

rgcraig
03-18-2008, 08:55 PM
Jeanie,

It's been really neat reading through them. Some were before my parents even married and my dad wrote a testimony - - very dear to me to be able to have them.

Scott Hutchinson
03-18-2008, 08:59 PM
Love those haircuts on the men,hair tonic was the vogue then,I don't think hair spray was invented then.

rgcraig
03-18-2008, 09:06 PM
http://i46.photobucket.com/albums/f108/rgcraig/bh11.jpg

rgcraig
03-18-2008, 09:07 PM
http://i46.photobucket.com/albums/f108/rgcraig/bh10.jpg

rgcraig
03-18-2008, 09:07 PM
http://i46.photobucket.com/albums/f108/rgcraig/bh9.jpg

Sam
03-18-2008, 10:00 PM
Love those haircuts on the men,hair tonic was the vogue then,I don't think hair spray was invented then.

Hair tonic, I haven't heard that term for a few years.
As a teenager in the nineteen fifties we used Brylcreem (spelling) which was white and "a little dab'll do ya" was the ad. Or we used "hair oil" which was more of a liquid. Or we used Vaseline petroleum jelly. Hair was greased, combed, and then a "wave" or "roll" was formed in the front. The sides were combed back to form what was called a duck tail (or abbreviated "da" in the back."

This picture was taken in the fall of nineteen fifty-five when I was a high school senior right around the time I was baptized in Jesus' name.

Bishop1
03-18-2008, 11:52 PM
Oct. 1948

http://i46.photobucket.com/albums/f108/rgcraig/bh8.jpg



Bro Kenneth V Reeves turned down a Baseball contract With The St Louis Cardinals -
He later received his Doctorate in Law -

BTW
That UPCI Campmeeting was held in the Pentecostal Bible Institute's unfinished Auditorium
in Tupelo Mississippi -
{1948}
I was in attendance and heard Bro Reeves preach there -
:bliss:gaga

Bishop1
03-18-2008, 11:58 PM
Hair tonic, I haven't heard that term for a few years.As a teenager in the nineteen fifties we used Brylcreem (spelling) which was white and "a little dab'll do ya" was the ad. Or we used "hair oil" which was more of a liquid. Or we used Vaseline petroleum jelly. Hair was greased, combed, and then a "wave" or "roll" was formed in the front. The sides were combed back to form what was called a duck tail (or abbreviated "da" in the back."This picture was taken in the fall of nineteen fifty-five when I was a high school senior right around the time I was baptized in Jesus' name.

IT WAS ROSE Hair Oil In The 40's -

commonsense
03-19-2008, 12:25 AM
Bro Kenneth V Reeves turned down a Baseball contract With The St Louis Cardinals -
He later received his Doctorate in Law -

BTW
That UPCI Campmeeting was held in the Pentecostal Bible Institute's unfinished Auditorium
in Tupelo Mississippi -
{1948}
I was in attendance and heard Bro Reeves preach there -
:bliss:gaga

Thank you for sharing. We attended Bro Reeves church in GC for 3 yrs.( 30 yrs ago) I love the photo and the story. Thanks again!

rgcraig
03-19-2008, 08:47 AM
Thank you for sharing. We attended Bro Reeves church in GC for 3 yrs.( 30 yrs ago) I love the photo and the story. Thanks again!

I've enjoyed reading it all and looking at the old pictures!

Whole Hearted
03-19-2008, 09:38 AM
Thanks for the picture and history I enjoyed it.

bcarolb
03-19-2008, 10:00 AM
I just wanted to say that I grew up in Dexter Missouri where Bro. and Sis. George White pastored in between tours in Indonesia and shaped my life in ways beyond words. I was 2 years old when we moved there and I still have a letter they wrote to our family after having moved on and Brother White took the time to mention me as someone so special to him. I was probably 8 or 9 when he wrote it. That's the kind of people they were...always thinking of helping others.....and oh the stories they could tell!!! Reading this was such a delightful surprise!!
thanks for listening

Bishop1
03-20-2008, 01:27 AM
http://i46.photobucket.com/albums/f108/rgcraig/bh10.jpg


James & Baulah Davis left Muskegon and moved futher North
to establish a Church in Luddington Michigan
2 of her Preacher son-in-laws are Elder Crider & Elder Spiers _

Ernie & Betty Jolly went on to pastor in Bessemer Alabama -

Edward and Juanita {Hemphill} Kelley pastored in Birmingham Alabama -

SDG
03-20-2008, 02:01 AM
My father introduced Hoekstra to 'little' David. Big mistake.

Why was this a mistake?

DAII
01-26-2010, 11:11 AM
http://i46.photobucket.com/albums/f108/rgcraig/BH6.jpg

Hoekstra is listed of director ... diretor of what ... the campaign .... the conference?

Sam
01-26-2010, 11:24 AM
Hoekstra is listed of director ... diretor of what ... the campaign .... the conference?

I would assume director of the campaign.

There is some information at
http://oldlandmark.wordpress.com/2008/06/29/raymond-g-hoekstra-and-the-latter-rain/
about Bro. Hoekstra (called Huckster by some) and Little David

Sam
01-26-2010, 11:32 AM
an announcement about Little David in Cincinnati.
http://old-time-religion.blogspot.com/2009/09/little-david-walker-spent-5-hours-in.html

This happened some time before I came to the Cincinnati area in 1957. At tha time there were two members in the church who were the fruit of the Little David campaigns. Both of these members were kinda "different" in the eyes of the teenagers in the church at that time. By "kinda different" I mean they were some of the "church characters" every congregation seems to draw.

DAII
01-26-2010, 11:34 AM
I would assume director of the campaign.

There is some information at
http://oldlandmark.wordpress.com/2008/06/29/raymond-g-hoekstra-and-the-latter-rain/
about Bro. Hoekstra (called Huckster by some) and Little David

This is a picture of a PCI conference is it not? Did he hold position in the old PCI?

I known he became David's manager.

I found the Shaw article to be somewhat derogatory about chaplain Ray.

DAII
01-26-2010, 11:41 AM
an announcement about Little David in Cincinnati.
http://old-time-religion.blogspot.com/2009/09/little-david-walker-spent-5-hours-in.html

This happened some time before I came to the Cincinnati area in 1957. At tha time there were two members in the church who were the fruit of the Little David campaigns. Both of these members were kinda "different" in the eyes of the teenagers in the church at that time. By "kinda different" I mean they were some of the "church characters" every congregation seems to draw.

This was appears to be after Hoekstra left in 1949/50 ... interesting that Curts, the host pastor, would still use David after the label of Latter Rain had been pegged on him and Hoekstra.

Falla39
01-26-2010, 11:44 AM
Hair tonic, I haven't heard that term for a few years.
As a teenager in the nineteen fifties we used Brylcreem (spelling) which was white and "a little dab'll do ya" was the ad. Or we used "hair oil" which was more of a liquid. Or we used Vaseline petroleum jelly. Hair was greased, combed, and then a "wave" or "roll" was formed in the front. The sides were combed back to form what was called a duck tail (or abbreviated "da" in the back."

This picture was taken in the fall of nineteen fifty-five when I was a high school senior right around the time I was baptized in Jesus' name.

How nice you looked, Bro. Sam! I relate to those days of which you spoke!
I graduated in 1957, received the Holy Ghost the summer of 1958, married
the summer of 1959 and became a mother the summer of 1960. Her eldest
of five sons, will become a father for the first time any day now. She will be-
come a grandmother for the first time. I will become a Great-Grandmother
for the first time.

God has led us all the way. Led us step by step each day. I will tell the
saints and angels, when I lay my armour down. Jesus led us all the way!
(portion of an old song.

Falla39

DAII
01-26-2010, 11:44 AM
I found the AG's response to the Latter Rain movement to be interesting:

The tenets of the Latter Rain are probably best summarized in a 1949 Assemblies of God resolution detailing the movement’s errors:

1. The overemphasis relative to imparting, identifying, bestowing or confirming gifts by the laying of hands and prophecy.
2. The erroneous teaching that the Church is built on the foundation of present-day apostles and prophets.
3. The extreme teaching as advocated by the “New Order” regarding the confession of sin to man and deliverance as practiced, which claims prerogatives to human agency which belong only to Christ.
4. The erroneous teaching concerning impartation of the gift of languages as special equipment or missionary service.
5. The extreme unscriptural practice of imparting or imposing personal leadings by the means of gifts of utterance.
6. Such other wrestings and distortions of Scriptural interpretation which are in opposition to teachings and practices generally accepted among us. (qtd. in Warner 16)

Warner, Wayne. “Reaction of the A/G to the Latter Rain.” Heritage 1 September 1987, pp. 16-19.

Sam
01-26-2010, 11:49 AM
more Little David stuff

http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1917&dat=19480428&id=dkohAAAAIBAJ&sjid=coEFAAAAIBAJ&pg=743,4409119

http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=888&dat=19500812&id=OswKAAAAIBAJ&sjid=WE4DAAAAIBAJ&pg=4742,3629175

http://biblemissionsinc.com/?page_id=33

http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1951/2/28/cabbages-and-kings-pin-a-dingy/

Falla39
01-26-2010, 11:54 AM
How nice you looked, Bro. Sam! I relate to those days of which you spoke!
I graduated in 1957, received the Holy Ghost the summer of 1958, married
the summer of 1959 and became a mother the summer of 1960. Her eldest
of five sons, will become a father for the first time any day now. She will be-
come a grandmother for the first time. I will become a Great-Grandmother
for the first time.

God has led us all the way. Led us step by step each day. I will tell the
saints and angels, when I lay my armour down. Jesus led us all the way!
(portion of an old song.)

Falla39

Bro. Sam,
Didn't mean to sound like you didn't still look nice. The pics I have seen of
you on this forum, you still look neat, nice and presentable. :friend
A sister in Christ,
Falla39

Sam
01-26-2010, 11:55 AM
I found the AG's response to the Latter Rain movement to be interesting:

The tenets of the Latter Rain are probably best summarized in a 1949 Assemblies of God resolution detailing the movement’s errors:

1. The overemphasis relative to imparting, identifying, bestowing or confirming gifts by the laying of hands and prophecy.
2. The erroneous teaching that the Church is built on the foundation of present-day apostles and prophets.
3. The extreme teaching as advocated by the “New Order” regarding the confession of sin to man and deliverance as practiced, which claims prerogatives to human agency which belong only to Christ.
4. The erroneous teaching concerning impartation of the gift of languages as special equipment or missionary service.
5. The extreme unscriptural practice of imparting or imposing personal leadings by the means of gifts of utterance.
6. Such other wrestings and distortions of Scriptural interpretation which are in opposition to teachings and practices generally accepted among us. (qtd. in Warner 16)

Warner, Wayne. “Reaction of the A/G to the Latter Rain.” Heritage 1 September 1987, pp. 16-19.

When I was at the Apostolic Bible Institute for the 1956/1957 year, Bro. Norris was still fighting "The Latter Rain" movement. He taught for several days on how there could never be any more apostles than the original 12 plus Paul and minus Matthias whom he considered a mistake. Of course there could never be any prophets in the church today. He taught against "the oil doctrine" which was a phenomena at that time where oil would appear on people's hands during meetings. He was adamantly opposed to A.A. Allen and somehow obtained a copy of a citation for his drunken driving arrest.

DAII
01-26-2010, 11:56 AM
The ecumenicalism of the Latter Rain movement I believe was what both the AG and UPCI feared most ...

Such other wrestings and distortions of Scriptural interpretation which are in opposition to teachings and practices generally accepted among us.

Sam
01-26-2010, 11:58 AM
This was appears to be after Hoekstra left in 1949/50 ... interesting that Curts, the host pastor, would still use David after the label of Latter Rain had been pegged on him and Hoekstra.

I don't know the dates for Little David in Cincinnati.
Also, I don't know how strongly baptism was preached or how many got baptized in Jesus name.

Sam
01-26-2010, 12:00 PM
Bro. Sam,
Didn't mean to sound like you didn't still look nice. The pics I have seen of
you on this forum, you still look neat, nice and presentable. :friend
A sister in Christ,
Falla39

Too late now for apologies, Sis. Falla.

You have deeply offended me.

Just kidding.
:ursofunny:ursofunny:ursofunny

DAII
01-26-2010, 12:00 PM
When I was at the Apostolic Bible Institute for the 1956/1957 year, Bro. Norris was still fighting "The Latter Rain" movement. He taught for several days on how there could never be any more apostles than the original 12 plus Paul and minus Matthias whom he considered a mistake. Of course there could never be any prophets in the church today. He taught against "the oil doctrine" which was a phenomena at that time where oil would appear on people's hands during meetings. He was adamantly opposed to A.A. Allen and somehow obtained a copy of a citation for his drunken driving arrest.

Interestingly enought the 5 fold ministry is still a bone of contention in the Pentecostal/Charismatic ranks ...

The extreme fear of the gift of prophecy is also of interest ...

I find the "oil doctrine" interesting ... Shaw also pins the doctrine on Hoekstra ... and now you say Norris ...

All the while Norris came close to berthing Holy Magic Hair doctrine ... and how modern HMH is eerily similar to the "oil doctrine".

I guess if a prophet like LS says it ... it ain't Latter Rain.

DAII
01-26-2010, 12:02 PM
I don't know the dates for Little David in Cincinnati.
Also, I don't know how strongly baptism was preached or how many got baptized in Jesus name.

The ski accident that left David in a coma was in the fall of 1950 ... this led to the book about his 5 hour "visit to heaven" ... which was heavily promoted by Hoekstra and the David campaign after ...

The Curts flyer speaks of of this heavenly visitation ... which tells me this is post 1950.

Sam
01-26-2010, 12:03 PM
This is a picture of a PCI conference is it not? Did he hold position in the old PCI?

I known he became David's manager.

I found the Shaw article to be somewhat derogatory about chaplain Ray.

He had a couple of articles in the Pentecostal Herald that were pretty straight and were acceptable to three steppers. One was on the water test. I don't remember now what the other was about. There may have been more than 2 articles in the Herald. I don't remember right now.

DAII
01-26-2010, 12:06 PM
Also ... the Curts flyer BOLD STATES ... COME TO SEE HOW TO ANSWER THE QUESTION " HOW TO BE SAVED".

Sam
01-26-2010, 12:06 PM
The ski accident that left David in a coma was in the fall of 1950 ... the book about his 5 hour "visit to heaven" ... was heavily promoted by Hoekstra and the David campaign after ...

The Curts flyer speaks of of this ... which tells me this is post 1950.

I thought the 5 hours in heaven was before and separate from the water ski accident.

DAII
01-26-2010, 12:11 PM
I thought the 5 hours in heaven was before and separate from the water ski accident.

You're right ... vision at 9 ... accident at 16.

rgcraig
01-26-2010, 12:20 PM
I was dedicated in the Bible Hour Tab in 1956!

Now resume your discussion!

DAII
01-26-2010, 12:22 PM
The Doctrine of Holy Magic Hands/ "Oil Doctrine"

Little David says that Branham’s hand would begin to change color and almost glow, and Bro. Hoekstra would announce that God’s power was then present to heal (Walker Interview)

and

At Calvary, he began to believe that healing oil was flowing from his hands, and some saints claimed the same experience. He also began to question evidential tongues and told some tarrying for the Spirit to simply “repeat after me” (Basore). Wow! Calvary Tab was teaching this stuff!

later denounced by the Apostolic movement .... and teachers like SG Norris

but when Norris, prophets and lady ministers make similar claim to hair ...

it's glossed over even by DKB as a vehicle of spontaneous faith...

Can we say agenda ....????

More in Scripture about the laying of hands to the laying of hair!

One man's prophet is another man's heretic ...

DAII
01-26-2010, 12:29 PM
I was dedicated in the Bible Hour Tab in 1956!

Now resume your discussion!

Ah ... a Razorback!

rgcraig
01-26-2010, 12:36 PM
Ah ... a Razorback!

Not really - - I went to ASU in Jonesboro, so I was an Indian (until they changed the name a couple years ago)!

Sam
01-30-2010, 12:53 PM
thought this was interesting

http://branham.org/blogs/20080616_OldFashionedRevival

Scott Hutchinson
01-30-2010, 08:33 PM
Little David is still around.
http://biblemissionsinc.com/

johnny44
12-07-2010, 12:25 PM
I was dedicated in the Bible Hour Tab in 1956!

Now resume your discussion!You are 54 yrs. old?

rgcraig
12-07-2010, 01:29 PM
You are 54 yrs. old?

I sure am!

johnny44
12-07-2010, 06:45 PM
I sure am!Ahhh,I wish I was 54 again.

rgcraig
03-22-2013, 03:08 PM
Some of you new folks might enjoy looking at these old pictures.

seekerman
03-22-2013, 03:13 PM
Some of you new folks might enjoy looking at these old pictures.

Great photos, thanks for bumping the thread. Although they were before my time, they still brought back memories of the old meetings where the Spirit of God moved mightily.

I'd like to go back to those days sometimes.

MawMaw
03-22-2013, 05:58 PM
Some of you new folks might enjoy looking at these old pictures.

I'm not too new LOL, but, I did enjoy seeing
those old pics of times in the past. :)

Steve Epley
03-23-2013, 09:10 AM
My wife's Grandmother was healed of lukemia at Jonesboro at the Branham meeting. They lived in Leachville at the time. Calvary was almost destroyed by the latter rain movement that is the reason Bro. Urshan went there and the influence lasted until they all died out. My Dad was caught up into the latter rain movement it was a forerunner of the Charismatic movement without the polish.