The problem is the mind set that everything that the apostles taught are contained in the few letters to the churches and individuals included in what we like to call the New Testament. We have a good idea of some of the things Paul taught – by his limited responses to problems within the churches he established, but that did he teach when he was spending weeks or even years with them – and what did the rest of the apostles teach?
Well, if they were true apostles, each and every one of them taught in full compliance to the following instruction of Jesus:
17 And when they saw him, they worshipped him: but some doubted. 18 And Jesus came and spake unto them, saying, All power is given unto me in heaven and in earth. 19 Go ye therefore, and teach [or make disciples of, to instruct] all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost 20 Teaching [in the same broad application as dao "to learn"] them to observe all things whatsoever I have commanded you: and, lo, I am with you alway [even] unto the end of the world. Amen.
Matthew 28:17-20, KJV
There are only two conclusions: (1) All of the disciples (including the apostles) of Jesus who received these words either obeyed, or (2) some disciples did not obey. However, as there is no recorded deviation, it might be ‘assumed’ that at least the apostles obeyed and taught what Jesus taught them.
The definitive summation of the Apostles Doctrine is the doctrines concerning the kingdom of God/heaven, as taught by Jesus Christ, and the requirement of all future disciples of Jesus to observe all the commandments given by Jesus to his disciples during His ministry on earth. Of course, there remain some teaching of Jesus that are not directly conveyed to the entire body of Christ, at least in the written word. Some of these doctrines included an explanation of what Jesus revealed to the disciples concerning all of the O.T. scriptures that spoke of Him, and the visions of Paul, that he could not share.
Rule of thumb: The apostles taught all the teachings of Christ, plus they taught that all are to observe every commandment given by Jesus – as the minimum requirements for every true disciple of the Lord, as was the custom in Israel between all religious masters and their disciples.
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Added note:
If one does not know, understand and put into practice the teachings of Jesus, and obey His commandments, then one is not a 'true disciple' of Jesus (or His appointed apostles/disciples) and is, by definition, a teacher of false doctrines. Now, that can get a bit weighty on the self-justified.
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