Fortunately, there is historical evidence about the other 2 letters from Paul to Corinth. Also, the letters to Corinth tell us about those letters. One of them was notoriously referred to as the "sorrowful letter" (ref. in
2 Cor 2:4). We know one letter was extremely harsh and sharp and the other apologetic, warm and soft.
Those who are just learning some of this should research great works published about the Biblical canon, and the great pains the Church Fathers took to decide which should be included. There was much criteria -- including going by things that were already being read in congregations, works written by apostles vs non-apostles (there were hundreds of copies of other books by non-apostles), the work had to be free of contradiction (way of weeding out the pseudo-epistles that were fraudulently being copied), dating of when books were written, etc.... some of our favorite books were once on the chopping block (I and II Peter for example) because of issues with orthodoxy. So there were scores of reasons for the current canon. That said, there is till much value, and accessible to some of these older books. Most of the historians have records (Eusebius, Justin, etc).